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Sir George , 6th Baronet (December 27, 1777 –
December 15, 1857) was a prolific
England engineer from Brompton, Scarborough, near Scarborough, England in Yorkshire. He was a pioneer of aeronautical engineering, though he worked over a century before the development of first flying machine. He served for the
British Whig Party party as Member of Parliament for
Scarborough (UK Parliament constituency) from 1832 to 1835, and helped found the
Royal Polytechnic Institution (now University of Westminster), serving as its chairman for many years. He was a founding member of the British Association for the Advancement of Science and was a distant cousin of the
mathematics Arthur Cayley.
Cayley inherited Brompton Hall and its estates on the death of his father, the 5th baronet. Captured by the optimism of the times, he engaged in a wide variety of engineering projects. Among the many things that he developed are self-righting life-boats,
Wire wheelss, the "Universal Railway" (his term for caterpillar track), automatic signals for railway crossings, seat belts, small scale
helicopters, and a kind of prototypical internal combustion engine fuelled by gunpowder. He also contributed in the fields of
prosthetics,
heat engines, electricity,
theatre architecture,
ballistics, optics and land reclamation.
He is mainly remembered, however, for his flying machines, including the working, piloted
glider that he designed and built. The recent (2007) discovery of cartoons in Cayley's school notebooks (held in the archive of the
Royal Aeronautical Society Library in
London, England) reveal that even at school Cayley was developing his ideas on the theories of flight. It has been claimed that these images indicate Cayley having modelled the principles of a lift-generating inclined plane as early as 1792. To measure the drag on objects at different speeds and angles of attack, he later built a "whirling-arm apparatus" - a development of earlier work into ballistics and air resistance. He also experimented with rotating wing sections of various forms in the stairwells at Brompton Hall. These scientific experiments led him to develop an efficient cambered airfoil and to identify the four vector forces that influence an aircraft:
thrust,
lift,
drag, and
gravity. He discovered the importance of
dihedral for lateral stability in flight, and deliberately set the
centre of gravity of many of his models well below the wings for this reason. Investigating many other theoretical aspects of flight, many now acknowledge him as the first
aerospace engineer.
By
1804 his model gliders appeared similar to modern aircraft: a pair of large
monoplane wings towards the front, with a smaller tailplane at the back comprising
horizontal stabilisers and a vertical fin. During some point prior to 1849 he designed and built a triplane powered with 'flappers' in which an unknown ten-year-old boy flew. Later, with the continued assistance of his grandson George John Cayley and his resident engineer Thomas Vick, he developed a larger scale glider (also probably fitted with 'flappers') which flew across Brompton Dale in 1853. The first adult aviator has been claimed to be either Cayley's coachman, footman or butler: one source (Gibbs-Smith) has suggested that it was John Appleby, a Cayley employee - however there is no definitive evidence to fully identify the pilot. An obscure entry in volume IX of the 8th Encyclopaedia Britannica of 1855 is the most contemporaneous account with any authority regarding the event.
A replica of the machine was flown at the original site in Brompton Dale in
1974 and in the mid 1980s by Derek Piggott (right). Another replica flew there in
2003, first piloted by Allan McWhirter and later by Richard Branson.
He is one of many scientists and engineers commemorated by having a hall of residence at
Loughborough University named after him.
References
See also
External links
- 2007 Biography of Sir George Cayley
- Cayley's principles of flight, models and gliders
- Cayley's gliders
- Flights of replicas of the Cayley glider
- Some pioneers of air engine design
Sir George , 6th Baronet (December 27,
1777 – December 15, 1857) was a prolific
England engineer from Brompton, Scarborough, near Scarborough, England in Yorkshire. He was a pioneer of aeronautical engineering, though he worked over a century before the development of
first flying machine. He served for the
British Whig Party party as
Member of Parliament for Scarborough (UK Parliament constituency) from 1832 to 1835, and helped found the
Royal Polytechnic Institution (now University of Westminster), serving as its chairman for many years. He was a founding member of the British Association for the Advancement of Science and was a distant cousin of the mathematics
Arthur Cayley.
Cayley inherited
Brompton Hall and its estates on the death of his father, the 5th baronet. Captured by the optimism of the times, he engaged in a wide variety of engineering projects. Among the many things that he developed are self-righting
life-boats,
Wire wheelss, the "
Universal Railway" (his term for caterpillar track), automatic signals for railway crossings,
seat belts, small scale
helicopters, and a kind of prototypical
internal combustion engine fuelled by gunpowder. He also contributed in the fields of prosthetics, heat engines, electricity,
theatre architecture,
ballistics,
optics and
land reclamation.
He is mainly remembered, however, for his
flying machines, including the working, piloted glider that he designed and built. The recent (2007) discovery of cartoons in Cayley's school notebooks (held in the archive of the Royal Aeronautical Society Library in London,
England) reveal that even at school Cayley was developing his ideas on the theories of flight. It has been claimed that these images indicate Cayley having modelled the principles of a lift-generating inclined plane as early as 1792. To measure the drag on objects at different speeds and angles of attack, he later built a "whirling-arm apparatus" - a development of earlier work into ballistics and air resistance. He also experimented with rotating wing sections of various forms in the stairwells at Brompton Hall. These scientific experiments led him to develop an efficient cambered airfoil and to identify the four vector forces that influence an aircraft:
thrust,
lift,
drag, and
gravity. He discovered the importance of dihedral for lateral stability in flight, and deliberately set the centre of gravity of many of his models well below the wings for this reason. Investigating many other theoretical aspects of flight, many now acknowledge him as the first
aerospace engineer.
By 1804 his model gliders appeared similar to modern aircraft: a pair of large
monoplane wings towards the front, with a smaller tailplane at the back comprising horizontal stabilisers and a vertical fin. During some point prior to 1849 he designed and built a triplane powered with 'flappers' in which an unknown ten-year-old boy flew. Later, with the continued assistance of his grandson George John Cayley and his resident engineer Thomas Vick, he developed a larger scale glider (also probably fitted with 'flappers') which flew across Brompton Dale in 1853. The first adult aviator has been claimed to be either Cayley's coachman, footman or butler: one source (Gibbs-Smith) has suggested that it was John Appleby, a Cayley employee - however there is no definitive evidence to fully identify the pilot. An obscure entry in volume IX of the 8th Encyclopaedia Britannica of 1855 is the most contemporaneous account with any authority regarding the event.
A replica of the machine was flown at the original site in Brompton Dale in
1974 and in the mid 1980s by
Derek Piggott (right). Another replica flew there in
2003, first piloted by Allan McWhirter and later by Richard Branson.
He is one of many scientists and engineers commemorated by having a hall of residence at Loughborough University named after him.
References
See also
External links
- 2007 Biography of Sir George Cayley
- Cayley's principles of flight, models and gliders
- Cayley's gliders
- Flights of replicas of the Cayley glider
- Some pioneers of air engine design
George Cayley - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Sir George Cayley, 6th Baronet (December 27, 1773 – December 15, 1857), sometimes known as "the father of Aerodynamics", was a prolific English engineer from Brompton-by-Sawdon ...
George Cayley
George Cayley was born in Scarborough, Yorkshire, in 1773. He studied under George Walker, the scientist and mechanic.
George Cayley
Spartacus, USA History, British History, Second World War, First World War, Germany, Soviet Union,
George Cayley
Sir George Cayley: George Cayley was an aeronautical genius who invented a series of gliders during the Victorian period. Each glider he developed gave him new information about ...
FLYING MACHINES - Sir George Cayley
Sir George Cayley 1773 - 1857 © 1998-2003 Carroll Gray All Rights To This Web Domain And Web Site And Contents Thereof Are Reserved. Sir George Cayley
First Flight
Cayley: Sir George Cayley has been described as the ‘Father of Aerial Navigation’. One hundred years before the Wright Brothers he had developed the first proper understanding ...
Sir George Cayley Sailwing Club - Main - Home Page
Sir George Cayley Sailwing Club. Hang-gliding and paragliding around the coast and hills of East Yorkshire. Flying? Don't forget to NOTAM: 0800 515544
George Cayley definition of George Cayley in the Free Online ...
Encyclopedia article about George Cayley. Information about George Cayley in the Columbia Encyclopedia, Computer Desktop Encyclopedia, computing dictionary. sir george cayley
Design and Technology and George Cayley Aeronautics
George Cayley and Aeronautics. George Cayley first created a model glider in 1804. It incorporated an English arch top kite mounted on a rod ...
BBC NEWS | UK | The forgotten father of flight
As the 150th anniversary of the first manned flight is celebrated on Saturday, BBC News Online's Peter Gould reports on unsung hero Sir George Cayley, the "father of aviation".
